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Calyceal diverticulum
- Excision of an abnormal out-pouching of the urinary tract.
Cancer - A condition of unregulated
cell growth. Cancer cells, unlike benign cells, exhibit the properties
of invasion and metastasis.
Cancer stage - A measure that defines
the extent of a tumor. Prostate cancer staging is as follows:
T1 - tumors diagnosed by PSA elevation or surgery for benign disease.
T2 - tumors that are diagnosed by rectal examination. These tumors
are believed to be confined to the prostate. T3 - tumors that
have extended beyond the prostate capsule at the time of diagnosis.
T4 - tumors that have invaded adjacent organs, such as the bladder
or rectum.
Catheter - Small tube inserted to drain
or instill fluid
Cell - Any one of the minute protoplasmic
masses that make up organized tissue. A cell is the fundamental
structural and functional unit of living organisms.
Cell cycle - Reproductive cycle of
the cell. The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates
its contents and divides into two.
Chronic pyelonephritis - Chronic kidney
infection .
Clinical trial, Phase 1 - A clinical
trial designed to determine the appropriate dose and toxicities
of an investigational agent.
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Clinical trial, Phase 2 - A clinical
trial designed to determine the effectiveness and side effects
of an investigational agent or regimen.
Clinical trial, Phase 3 - A clinical
trial designed to test the effectiveness of a given treatment
as compared to existing treatments.
Combined androgen blockade (CAB) -
The treatment of prostate cancer with a combination of medical
or surgical castration (suppression of testosterone and related
substances) and an antiandrogen.
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) -
An experimental technique that uses fluorescent labeling to compare
the chromosomal copy number of cancer vs. normal DNA.
Computerized tomography (CT scan) -
A radiologic imaging study in which cross-sectional images of
the body are obtained.
Controls - A standard against which
experimental observations may be evaluated, as a procedure identical
in all respects to the experimental procedure, except for absence
of the one factor that is being studied.
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Coregulator - Protein that associates
with a transcriptional regulator such as androgen receptor, modulating
or mediating the transcriptional regulatory activities of the
regulator; coregulators do not directly bind to DNA. Examples
are p160 family proteins such as GRIP-1.
Costimulation - The requirement of
naive T cells for multiple signals to achieve activation: antigen-specific
signals mediated by the antigen receptor as well as additional
signals unrelated to the antigen. T cells which receive only antigen
signals in the absence of costimulation do not become activated,
and may become non-responsive.
Costimulatory ligands - Molecules belonging
to B7 family that are expressed only on "professional"
antigen presenting cells and interact with costimulatory receptors
on T cells.
Costimulatory receptors CD28 - T cell
surface molecule that binds to B7 on antigen presenting cell and
transmits positive, synergistic signal for T cell activation.
CTLA-4: T cell surface molecule that binds to B7 on antigen presenting
cells and transmits signals that inhibit T cell activation; serves
as attenuator to damp T cell responses.
Cryoablation - Freezing the tissue
to kill cancer cells.
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